Strong Female Icons Related To Movie Joy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1391 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2018/12/28 Category Cinematographic Art Essay Type Review Level High school Tags: Feminism Essay Did you like this example? Abstract The movie Joy focuses on the strong female icon especially those who are successful in different entrepreneurial lines. Thought the entire film, the author indicates that female personalities also have capabilities of making their success story. More so the author emphasizes the need to have the power of imagination, independence, the determination as well as having patience. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Strong Female Icons Related To Movie Joy" essay for you Create order The importance of having such virtues is that it helps an individual to realized success after some time. In this research, there are various resources both primary and secondary sources to demonstrate the strength of women in the society as shown in the movieJoy. The movieJoy presents strong ideas about feminism and how strong female icons use their abilities to acquire success in life. Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Prabhat Prakashan, 1792. The treatise written by Wollstonecraft Mary seeks to provide women with information about their strength. It seeks to persuade women to make efforts to acquire the strengths that they have both in mind and in the body.? Wollstonecraft is evidently againstsoft phrases that most women are lured with by men. She considers these phrases to be susceptible to the heart, a delicacy of sentiments as well as a refinement of taste. She considers thesoft phrases as objects that results in pity and that kindness demonstrated as a result of love will shortly become objects of contempt. Wollstonecraft dismisses some feminine phrases which on most occasions are used by men with the intentions of slashing the dependence that women have on them. These expressions are also used to entice women since on most occasions; men have identified the weaknesses of women and what they can hold against them. Wollstonecraft considers the fact that on most occasions women are always degraded due to the mistaken n otions of female excellence that is attributed to them. She considers that most women in the society have more sense than their male relates and sometimes this is always unnoticed. Wollstonecraft defines the intellectual levels of women since she talks about the strengths that women have which makes them capable of governing their husbands. The treatise by Wollstonecraft is evidently a reliable source in this research through it is not a current source since it was published in the year 1792. The treatise vindication of the rights of woman by Wollstonecraft is evidently a strong source of information since it provides information about sources of strength of women. Apart from that, it provides information about the weaknesses that women have that makes them be looked down upon.? This article was written by Mary Wollstonecraft who was a popular English writer, an individual who advocated for the rights of women as well as a philosopher. It is clear that Wollstonecraft is qualified in this subject mainly because she articulated issues to do with the rights of women in a very precise manner. This article is not a scholarly article based on how it is structured, but it is a very popular article that is used as a point of reference by many people. A vindication of the rights of woman by Wollstonecraft is an effective articl e in my research because it will be used in providing knowledge that will be used as a background of my research. This essay applies to a part in my topic which concentrates on the issue of feminism and how women can use their strength in the society thus making it a possible source in my research. Baldwin, James. Going to Meet the Man. 1965. New York: Vintage (1995). (pg.1750-1761) The story mainly focuses on the life of and events that surround Jesse. In the story, Jesse is a white Sheriff whose duty is to ensure that people from the black ethnic community are capable of maintaining order in the midst of white ethnic population. The author gives the family life of Jesse by depicted instances that he shares with his wife. However, Jesses main problem is that he is suffering from of insomnia and impotence. Jesse is equally confronted with the issue of blacks who are protesting because they feel that they should also vote. And that is an indication that a new South is yet to be born. Jesse profoundly detests any person who belongs to the black ethnic community. At some point Jesse things about the possibility of subverting the registration process of going to another place altogether. The story mentions how Jesse managers to stop the black who are singing through arresting their ring-leader. The conduct of Jesse throughout the passage indicates that indeed, Jesse dislikes the black people at all cost. The story gives a clear picture of the kind of destitute life that Africans went through under the watch of sheriffs. The resource used in this case contains some features that show that it is a reliable source. One of the things that make the source to appear original is the fact that it the author chronologically put his discussion. In the beginning, the author uses dialogue and then proceeds with a description of the situation. Notably, all the events in the book take place in a much-organized manner. Besides, the author uses various literary devices such as simile which shows that the work is probably an objectively written. The author of the book is Baldwin James, and indeed he qualifies t write such a book because of his extensive level of participation in writing various books. The information contained in this literature material will be helpful to me when it comes writing my literature review as well as providing some background information that relates to my research. Brown, Chip. Being a Man- The Many Ways Society Makes a Man. How does a 21st- century boy reach manhood? In some cultures the rite of passage is clear. In others, not so much. National Geographical Magazine. January, 2017. The author of the article focuses on various activities that societies do to boy child as a justification for manhood. In particular, the author analyzes the initiation ceremony of the Bukusu ethnic group that is found on the western side of Kenya. According to the author, the Bukusu people practice circumcision for their male children when they are required advancing to the next stage of life. The activity is deeply rooted in the tradition of such people and therefore, the community within Bukusu only consider mature men as individuals who have gone through the process of circumcision. Still, the author indicates that in communities where men are subjected to particular activity to prove their maturity into manhood a lot of roles are defined by whether an individual is a man or a woman. It is apparent even from the parents mention in the passage that they have already informed opinion that tends to justify what boy child should do or not do in their life. Most of the parents within Bukusu community are very sensitive when it comes to the roles that each man needs to do and that enables them to have a clear social position in the society. The author of the article also acknowledges the contribution of various scholars in trying to explain why masculinity dominates in some places. It appears that the main reason as to why men dominate over women in some communities is because of the strong influence of traditional practices. The article is reliable newspaper information. The author uses in-depth analyses to explore the Bukusu culture on how they conduct initiation ceremony. The author cites other people who have done similar work in his work which shows that it is a researched paper. The author is qualified in this subject because he presents both alternative views of the strong male icon while showing whey female are not in similar position. The literature material fits into the research because of much reason. The article is very recent and has critical information of how traditional values undermine strong female icons. Works Cited Brown, Chip. Being a Man- The Many Ways Society Makes a Man. How does a 21st- century boy reach manhood? In some cultures the rite of passage is clear. In others, not so much. National Geographical Magazine. January, 2017. Accessed. www.dropbox.com/s/684fwn3oeo2vuyx/24101_155224_Being%2Ba%2BMan%2B.pdf Baldwin, James. Going to Meet the Man. 1965. New York: Vintage (1995). (pg.1750-1761) Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Prabhat Prakashan, 1792

Ethical Dilemma Essay - 1362 Words

An ethical dilemma is an incident that causes us to question how we should react based on our beliefs. A decision needs to be made between right and wrong. I have experienced many ethical dilemmas in my lifetime, so I know that there is no such thing as an ethical dilemma that only affects one person. I also know that some ethical dilemmas are easier to resolve than others are. The easy ones are the ones in which we can make decisions on the spot. For example, if a cashier gives me too much change, I can immediately make a decision to either return the money or keep it. Based on Kant’s, categorical imperative there are two criteria for determining moral right and wrong. First, there is universalizability, which states, â€Å"the person’s†¦show more content†¦My moral character was being tested and because it could have a negative effect on other people’s lives, I wrestled with my own beliefs. I needed a 2 plan that worked best for all involved, and one that would not cause me to compromise my morals. I will discuss the dilemma, how it affected me, and how I made a decision I could live with. In my profession as a technology consultant one of my responsibilities were to work with the sales team to assist in the architecture of Information Technology solutions to solve customer problems. I worked with the salespeople throughout the sales process to ensure that customers purchased all products necessary for a successful implementation. One of my responsibilities was to make a final review of sales quotes to verify no mistakes were made. When I traveled outside of my territory to work with customers, the sales quotes were reviewed by consultants from that area. The dilemma occurred at a customer site outside of my territory. I had never met the salesperson or the customer. The only information I had was a scope of work for the implementation. When I arrived at the customer site, I was given a copy of the purchase order and directed to the computer room. I performed an inventory to verify that all products on the purchase order were onsite. As I reviewed the scope of work, I noticed there were quite a few items on the purchase order that were not necessary for this implementation. ToShow MoreRelatedEthical Dilemmas Of The Workplace1538 Words   |  7 Pages1. Discuss an ethical dilemma that you have had to face in the workplace. Ethical dilemmas often occur when a manager or an employee is faced with two or more conflicting choices. Give as many facts and details as possible in describing your dilemma. The most difficult ethical dilemma I have dealt with was a summer job I had this past summer, while I was working for a bakery in my hometown. This past particular summer really tested what I believe is right and wrong and how to speak up. 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The Introduction of Starbucks Free Essays

Background of Starbucks In 1970s, Starbucks opens first store in Seattle’s Pike Place Market. The name comes from Herman Melville’s Moby Dick, a classic American novel about the 19th century whaling industry. The seafaring name seems appropriate for a store that imports the world’s finest coffees to the cold, thirsty people of Seattle. We will write a custom essay sample on The Introduction of Starbucks or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1980s, Howard Schultz joins Starbucks as director of retail operations and marketing. Starbucks begins providing coffee to fine restaurants and espresso bars. At the next year, he travels to Italy, where he’s impressed with popularity of espresso bars in Milan. He sees the potential to develop a similar coffeehouse culture in Seattle. He convinces the Starbucks’ founders to test the coffeehouse concept in downtown Seattle by serving the first Caffe Latte. Howard found Il Giornale, which offering brewed coffee and espresso beverages. Its name changed to Starbucks Corporation and opened in Canada. In 1990s, Starbucks expands headquarters in Seattle. It became the first privately owned U. S. company to offer a stock option program that includes part-time employees. It opened the first licensed airport store at Seattle’s Sea-Tac International Airport and completed initial public offering (IPO) at the next year. It opened roasting plant in Kent, Wash. In 1994,  Starbucks opens the first drive-thru location and introduces Starbucks ® super-premium ice cream in 1995. They  begin establish the Starbucks Foundation. In 1998, they extend the Starbucks brand into grocery channels across the U. S. and  launch Starbucks. om. In 2000s, to our excellent coffees and espresso drinks, people now enjoy for Tazo ® tea and Frappuccino ® blended beverages. Howard transitions to chairman and chief global strategist, Orin Smith promoted to president and chief executive officer. They established licensing agreement with TransFair USA to sell Fairtrade certified coffee. In  2003,  they acquire Seattle Coffee Company and open the first Farmer Support Center in San Jose , Costa Rica. In 2006, Starbucks launches the first paper beverage cup containing ost-consumer recycled fiber. Chairman Howard returns as chief executive officer and then acquires Coffee Equipment Company. He launches Starbucks first online community. In 2010s,  Starbucks expanded digital offerings for customers with free unlimited Wi-Fi, Starbucks Digital Network. Until 2012, Starbucks has out of 17,000 stores throughout the world. It also  introduces Starbucks ® Blonde Roast and announces Verismo ® system by Starbucks premium single-cup espresso machine. Starbucks also acquires La Boulange ® bakery brand to elevate core food offerings. Nature of Business Starbucks is one of the famous coffee brands and shop it also is the best coffee making. It purchases and roasts high-quality bean coffees and sells them along with fresh, rich-brewed, Italian style espresso beverages, a variety of pastries and confections, and coffee-related accessories and equipment-primarily through its company-operated retail stores. In addition to sales through our company-operated retail stores, Starbucks sells whole bean coffees through a specialty sales group and supermarkets. Additionally, Starbucks produces and sells bottled Frappuccino ® coffee drink and premium ice creams through its joint venture partnerships and offers a line of innovative premium teas produced by its wholly owned subsidiary, Tazo Tea Company. Starbucks are also launches Starbucks Card iPhone apps and Starbucks Card Mobile payment. The Company’s objective is to establish the Starbucks as the most recognized and respected brand in the world. To achieve this goal, the Company plans to continue to rapidly expand its retail operations, grow its specialty sales and other operations, and selectively pursue opportunities to leverage Starbucks brand through the introduction of new products and the development of new distribution channels. How to cite The Introduction of Starbucks, Papers

Indian Agriculture Before and After Economic Reforms Essay Sample free essay sample

Navjit Singh Assistant Professor. Deptt. Of Management. Khalsa College Lyallpur. Jalandhar-14401. Punjab. India Contact: +9198555-29321 Abstract Agriculture one time known as the anchor of Indian Economy is at present at its worst. thanks to the anti husbandman. pro-Industry policy of the assorted Indian Governments since 1991. India is one time considered as the â€Å"Ann Data† of the full universe is fighting even to pull off the ain demand-supply job of assorted agricultural trade goods. The husbandmans are perpetrating self-destructions. are observing â€Å"Crop Holidays† and are contending with Govt. for illegal acquisition of land for developing Real estate or other commercially feasible undertakings at the cost of Agriculture. The purpose of this paper is to convey out the present scenario in the field of agribusiness that leads to the minimal part of Agriculture in the Indian GDP. one time the chief subscriber. This paper will discourse the assorted issues like less proficient support to husbandmans. hapless quality seeds. inappropriate storage. Minimal Support Price. irrigation. the job of recognition handiness and above all the impact of Liberalization. Globalization and Privatization on the Indian Agriculture Sector. The issues related to the WTO and their impact on Indian Agriculture and the effects of assorted pacts of WTO on Indian Agriculture sector will be discussed. Cardinal Wordss: Indian Agriculture. Economic Reforms. WTO. Gross Capital Formation 1. 0 Introduction Agriculturists in general and the little and fringy husbandmans in peculiar have been the worst sick persons from the onslaught of globalisation. With more than 40 per centum of agricultural loaning even today coming organize the non-institutional beginnings bear downing anyplace between 30-40 per centum involvement per annum. the husbandmans are in an immiserizing state of affairs. They are perpetrating one of the worst human calamities – self-destructions. Rural India without them decidedly is non reflecting. And with the woebegone deficiency of substructure there is a somberness non a bloom in the countryside. A diminution in the portion of agribusiness in the national income signifier over 50 per cent during the 50s t o less than 20 per cent today may be a mark of structural transmutation but the inquiry today is whether Indian agribusiness will be able to run into the new demands placed upon it by Liberalization. Denationalization and Globalization ( LPG ) . 1. 1 Reforms in Agriculture A common unfavorable judgment of India’s economic reforms is that they have been overly focused on industrial and trade policy. pretermiting agribusiness which provides the support of 60 per centum of the population. Critics point to the slowing in agricultural growing in the 2nd half of the 1990s ( shown in Table 1 ) as cogent evidence of this disregard. However. the impression that trade policy alterations have non helped agribusiness is clearly a misconception. The decrease of protection to industry. and the attach toing depreciation in the exchange rate. has tilted comparative monetary values in favour of agribusiness and helped agricultural exports. The portion of India’s agricultural exports in universe exports of the same trade goods increased from 1. 1 per centum in 1990 to 1. 9 per centum in 1999. whereas it had declined in the 10 old ages before the reforms. But while agribusiness has benefited from trade policy alterations. it has suffered in other respects. most notably from the diminution in public investing in countries critical for agricultural growing. such as irrigation and drainage. dirt preservation and H2O direction systems. and rural roads. As pointed out by Gulati and Bathla ( 2001 ) . this diminution began much before the reforms. and was really sharper in the 1980s than in the ninetiess. They besides point out that while public investing declined. this was more than offset by a rise in private investing in agribusiness which accelerated after the reforms. However. there is no uncertainty that investing in agriculture-related substructure is critical for accomplishing higher productiveness and this investing is merely likely to come from the populace sector. Indeed. the lifting tendency in private investing could easy be dampened if public investing in these critical countries is non increased. The chief ground why public investing in rural substructure has declined is the impairment in the financial place of the province authoritiess and the inclination for politically popular but inefficient and even sinful subsidies to herd out more productive investing. For illustration. the direct benefit of subsidising fertiliser and under pricing H2O and power goes chiefly to fertilizer manufacturers and high income husbandmans while holding negative effects on the environment and production. and even on income of little husbandmans. A phased addition in fertiliser monetary values and infliction of economically rational user charges for irrigati on and electricity could raise resources to finance investing in rural substructure. profiting both growing and equity. Competitive populism makes it politically hard to reconstitute subsidies in this manner. but there is besides no alternate solution in sight. Some of the policies which were important in advancing nutrient grain production in earlier old ages. when this was the premier aim. are now impeding agricultural variegation. Government monetary value support degrees for nutrient grains such as wheat are supposed to be set on the footing of the recommendations of the Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices. a proficient organic structure which is expected to graduate monetary value support to sensible degrees. In recent old ages. support monetary values have been fixed at much higher degrees. promoting overrun. Indeed. public nutrient grain stocks reached 58 million dozenss on January 1. 2002. against a norm of around 17 million dozenss! The support monetary value system clearly needs to be better aligned to market demand if husbandmans are to be encouraged to switch from nutrient grain production towards other merchandises. Agricultural variegation besides calls for extremist alterations in some out-of-date Torahs. The Essential Commodities Act. which empowers province authoritiess to enforce limitations on motion of agricultural merchandises across province and sometimes even territory boundaries an d to restrict the maximal stocks jobbers and retail merchants can transport for certain trade goods. was designed to forestall exploitative bargainers from deviating local supplies to other countries of scarceness or from stashing supplies to raise monetary values. Its effect is that husbandmans and consumers are denied the benefit of an incorporate national market. It besides prevents the development of modern trading companies. which have a cardinal function to play in the following phase of agricultural variegation. The authorities has recognized the demand for alteration and late removed certain merchandises — including wheat. rice. coarse grains. comestible oil. oil-rich seeds and sugar — from the horizon of the act. However. this measure may non do. since province authoritiess may be able to take similar action. What is needed is a abrogation of the bing act and cardinal statute law that would do it illegal for authorities governments at any degree to curtail motion or stocking of agricultural merchandises ( Planing Commission. 2001 ) . The study of the Task Force on Employment has made comprehensive proposals for reappraisal of several other outdated agricultural Torahs ( Planing Commission. 2001 ) . For illustration. Torahs designed to protect land renters. doubtless an of import aim. stop up detering fringy husbandmans fro m renting out nonviable retentions to larger husbandmans for fright of being unable to repossess the land from the renter. The Agricultural Produce Marketing Acts in assorted provinces compel bargainers to purchase agricultural green goods merely in regulated markets. doing it hard for commercial bargainers to come in into contractual relationships with husbandmans. Development of a modern nutrient processing sector. which is indispensable to the following phase of agricultural development. is besides hampered by out-of-date and frequently contradictory Torahs and ordinances. These and other outdated Torahs need to be changed if the logic of liberalisation is to be extended to agriculture. 1. 2 Some of the indexs of the crisis: 1. 2. 1 Based on the Structural Adjustment Programme the authorities has been cut downing its investing in agribusiness. 1. 2. 2 The cardinal difference between agribusiness and industry is being ignored. . viz. whereas capital is elastic in supply. land is inelastic. There is no flat playing field. While the fabrication and service sectors are virtually pampered. the real/ rural sector that feeds the multitudes is practically disregarded. Even 1000s of farmers’ self-destructions could non bring such a comforting concern to the agribusiness sector in our agricultural economic system! 1. 2. 3 Farmer’s self-destructions – an all-India phenomenon emanating mostly from terrible liability – has pushed Indian agribusiness to a critical status. The National Sample Survey Organization ( NSSO ) Report released in 2005 provinces that 1 in 2 farm families are in debt and merely 10 per cent of the debt was incurred for non production intents. Besides. 32. 7 per cent of husbandmans still depend on money loaners. The National Crime Records Bureau reports that between 1997-2005 1. 56. 562 husbandmans committed self-destruction. About 60 of them took topographic point in the 4 progressive provinces. viz. . Maharashtra. Andhra Pradesh. Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh. More than 20 per cent of self-destructions have taken topographic point in Karnataka ( Pushap. 2007. Kumaraswamy. 2008 ) . 2. 0 Gross Capital Formation in Agriculture and Allied Sector The portion of agribusiness A ; allied sector in entire GCF after demoing a fringy addition during 1999-2000 to 2001-02 has been continuously worsening ( Table2 ) . It stood at 10. 2 per cent in 1999-2000. increased to 11. 7 per cent in 2001-02. The value of acquisitions of new or bing fixed assets by the Agriculture A ; allied sectors. which is known as Gross Capital Formation. as a proportion to the GDP in the Agriculture A ; allied sectors stagnated around 14 per cent during 2004-05 to 2006-07. Now. there is a pronounced betterment in this figure during the current Five Year Plan 2007-12. The proportion has increased to 16. 03 per cent in 2007-08 and farther to 19. 67 per cent in 2008-09 ( probationary ) and to 20. 30 per cent in 2009-10 ( speedy estimations [ QE ] ) . ( Table 2 ) Though. the GCF in agribusiness and allied sectors relative to overall GDP has remained dead at around 2. 5 to 3. 0 per cent. The diminuti on was chiefly attributed to worsen in the private sector despite addition in the portion of public sector. 3. 0 Trends in Indian Agriculture 3. 1 Production of Food Grains: In the earlier old ages of economic planning. nutrient handiness was the serious job in India. The entire nutrient grain production was barely 51 million tones in 1950-51. which increased to 198 million tones in 2004-05. The nutrient grain production though increased but at a really lower rate from 2004 to 2009-10 as compared to the rate of growing before Liberalization. ( Table 3 ) 3. 2 Trends in Croping Pattern: A alteration in cropping form indicates a displacement in country under the cultivation of major harvests. Since a long clip the country under nutrient grain harvest cultivation has been worsening. besides bespeaking that the cultivation of non-food grain harvests has been increasing. This displacement in cropping form was taking topographic point due remunerative monetary values being offered to commercial harvests and better market entree given to agriculturists. The tendency in cropping form is depicted in Table 2 ; and it is apparent that there is a considerable alterat ion in the cropping form after 2004-05 to 2010-11 in favor of commercial harvests. ( Table 4 ) . 4. 0 Indian Agriculture since WTO The constitution of World Trade organisation ( WTO ) in 1995 – to do the universe trade rule-based. transparent and free – had major deductions for India and its agribusiness. The Agreement on Agriculture ( AOA ) with its three wide countries viz. . market entree. export subsidies and domestic support was expected to better India’s agricultural trade under the new government of many-sided. transparent and nondiscriminatory trade. Although decrease in subsidies is a major characteristic under WTO. India had nil to fear as agricultural subsidy was less than 10 per cent. i. e. the ceiling. India could besides gain more net income by exporting agricultural green goods vis-a-vis the developed states ( holding 30-40 per cent subsidies ) as their cost of agricultural production would travel up when they cut down subsidies. Besides the subsidy decrease was non applicable to consumer subsidies. therefore maintaining the Public Distributio n System ( PDS ) and the weaker subdivisions of society unaffected. Further. the decrease in terminal charges on agricultural green goods would be advantageous for India because with the remotion of duties. her exports would hold favourable competitory environment. With increased competition the hapless people benefit from lower existent costs of family ingestion and production. what trade economic experts call the â€Å"procompetitive effects† of trade. Initially the reforms did ensue in betterment in footings of trade for agribusiness thanks to decontrol of fertilisers and a significant hiking in minimal support monetary values given by the authorities. Indian agribusiness witnessed a little acceleration in the growing rate. The state had successfully overcome the nutrient crisis. The growing rate in agribusiness and allied sectors ( at 1993-94 monetary values ) that had risen from 3. 3 per cent in 1951-61 to 3. 9 per cent in 1981-91 ( after a depression of 1. 7 per cent in 1971-81 ) . reached 5. 8 per cent in 1992-93. But the euphory was ephemeral. In 1993-94 it fell to 4. 1 per cent. rose to 5. 0 per cent in 1994-95 before falling to -0. 9 per cent in 1995-96 and -2. 4 per cent in 1997-98. In 2006-07 it was 2. 7 per cent and for the full period 2001-07 it was merely 2. 2 per cent ( RBI enchiridion. 2006 ) . Experts began to speak up that the international mantras being enforced by the developed states to liberate the clasps of poorness and battle of universe husbandmans including India. was traveling in the opposite way ( Pushap. 2007 ) . For India it was non merely a job of decelerating growing rate but a many-sided job with falling end products. employment. investing. exports etc. The one-year compound growing rate in rice for case showed a autumn in harvest country from 0. 63 per cent in 1981-91 to -1. 49 per cent in 2001-05 and its output rate from 2. 68 per cent to 1. 60 per cent during the same period. In instance of sugar cane the growing in harvest country fell from 3. 20 per cent to -4. 34 per cent and output rate from 1. 15 per cent to -1. 86 per cent. Although there was some country enlargement under non-food harvests as a whole. it was at the cost of shrinking of country under cereals ( RBI Handbook. 2006 ) . Investing in agribusiness as per centum of GDP was 1. 92 per cent in 1990-91. It fell to 1. 37 per cent in 1999. Although it rose to 2. 2 per cent in 2001-02 it began to fall and it reached 1. 7 per cent in 2004-05. 5. Policy Measures need to be done The crisis in agribusiness is a crisis of the state as a whole and so needs pressing attending. Some of the suggestions are listed here. A revamping of the agricultural recognition system – a pro-farmer attack is needed. Concerted agriculture with coordination. peculiarly by little and fringy husbandmans demands to be revitalized. There is a demand for periodic alteration of the procurance monetary values for farm green goods. doing those compensable. The issues sing Particular Economic Zones should be resolved at the earliest taking into history the echt involvements of the husbandmans. Our husbandmans must follow modern patterns of farming with a pinch of salt. non sailing on certificates of green revolution but implementing sustainable agribusiness. One can non merely sail on the certificates of green revolution. Sustainable agribusiness should be the nonsubjective. Eco-friendly techniques must be adopted. Authorization of husbandmans with societal. cultural and religious greening is required to avoid self-destructive instances. The balance between biological. human and physical capital growing must be maint ained. Decision Indian agricultural has been hit hard during station WTO period ( 1995 – 2003 ) . The portion of agro goods in India’s planetary export has declined during this period. During station WTO period. agricultural subsidies of developed states have been instead increased. Therefore it is really hard for India to confront planetary agricultural fight. In this scenario. the planetary agricultural trade would probably to go oligopolistic. The returns of assorted harvests have declined due to increase in cost of production. slow growing of agricultural productiveness. weak selling mechanism. addition in input strength and autumn of H2O tabular array. As a consequence husbandmans have become extremely indebted and are fall backing to self-destructions. In the close hereafter besides the entire quantum of exports peculiarly agribusiness and light fabricating goods can non be raised significantly in the planetary market in the close hereafter because of limited and unsure domestic export excess and peculiarly their inelastic demand at universe market. Mentions: Government of India ( 2004 ) â€Å"Agricultural Statisticss at a Glance 2007† . Ministry of Agriculture. New Delhi Gulati. Ashok. and Seema Bathla. â€Å"Capital Formation in Indian Agribusiness: Revisiting the Debate. † Economic and Political Weekly. May 19-25. 36:20. pp. 1697-1708. Hans. V. Basil ( 2008 ) . â€Å"Inclusive Strategies under Globalization – Challenges and Opportunities for India† . National Seminar on ‘Social Exclusion. Poverty and Livelihood of Marginalized Groups in India – Need for Effective Strategies’ . September 24-25. Centre for Study of Social Exclusion and Inclusive Policy ( CSEIP ) . Mangalore University. Mangalagangothri. Kumaraswamy. D. M. ( 2008 ) . â€Å"Agriculture in Karnataka† ( Keynote Address ) . State degree Seminar on Agriculture in Karnataka: Issues and Challenges. Sri Dhavala College. Moodbidri. Ministry of Finance â€Å"Economic Survey 2001-02† . New Delhi 2002. Pushap. P. ( 2007 ) . â€Å"Agriculture – India’s anchor Industry and its Plight in the aftermath of Globalization† . The Journal of World Intellectual Property Rights. 3 ( 1-2 ) : 159-183 Reserve Bank of India ( 2006 ) . â€Å"Hand Book on Indian Statistics† . Dept of Economic Policy and Research. Mumbai. Sahu. G. B. . and Rajshekar. D. ( 2005 ) . â€Å"Banking Sector Reform and Credit Flow to Indian Agricultur† . Economic and Political Weekly. vol. XL 53. Pp 5550-555 Sahu. Gagan. Bihari ( 2008 ) . â€Å"Supply Analysis of Institutional Credit to Agriculture for Major States in India† . Asiatic Economic Review. 50 ( 2 ) : 325-340. Table 1 India’s Growth Performance ( Percent per twelvemonth ) India’s Growth Performance Total GDP Growth Year Agriculture Sectoral Growth of GDP Industry Services

Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder Essay Example

Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder Paper Hamlet then turns his fury back on by talking to himself and showing that if he were not a coward, Claudius would be dead, ere this/ I should ha fatted all the region kites/ With this slaves offal refering to kites as vultures picking off dead bodies (of claudius? ) and he then explains: Why, what an ass i am! This is most brave/ That i, the son of a dear father murdered, Prompted to my revenge by heaven and hell/ must like a whore unpack my heart with words/And fall a-cursing like a very drab. Hamlet here explains that he lines of the speech performed by the Player were just actions performed without soul, like a whore and that Pyrrhus was destined to kill Priam, and he chose to fill his destiny by matching his fury and causing bloodshed. Shakespeare explains through Hamlet that intensifications are what fantasy craves when it becomes a substitute for the life of the heart. During the play, we find that Hamlet has been given a different voice when his brain thinks about a situation, because his speech becomes clearer and more direct, where when his heart speaks, we find that he spews out his feelings of sadness. An example of his more direct speech comes in when he plans a play to be acted out to Claudius: I have heard/ That guilty creatures sitting at a play Ill have these players/ Play something like the murder of my father/ Before mine uncle / I know my course. We will write a custom essay sample on Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In doing this, he hopes to expose Claudius by force. Schlegel argued that Hamlet passes from religious confidence to sceptical doubts, where Hamlet is keep to avenge his Father, Prompted to my revenge by heaven and hell, where in his soliloquy in act 2 shows that he is not so sure: The spirit that i have seen/ May be a devil, and the devil hath power/ Tassume a pleasing shape, yea, and perhaps/ Out of my weakness and my melancholy/ As he is very potent with such spirits/ Abuses me to damn me. Sir Thomas Browne suggested from this that apparitions and ghosts of departed persons are not souls, but walks of devils which prompt us into devilism and stray us from the path of God, where Hamlet is demanded by the Ghost to Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder and revenge is forbidden to Christians (Where Hamlet is a Christian prince). Hamlets job was to make sure that Claudius was guilty, so that his reason for revenge could remain neutral. The debate in which he found himself stuck in was that Death is the punishment/relief of God, and if he was to murder Claudius, he would be putting himself in Gods place, i. e blaspheming. Hamlet questioned if assassination was the only way of punishing in practice? Shakespeare gives Hamlet an alternative plan, based on his religious view that murderers proclaimed their malefactions, and proclaim meaning to state publicly, which would ultimately dethrone Claudius and save Hamlet from damnation. However, this plan would fail the final request from the Ghost and would oppose his fury. Shakespeare didnt let Hamlet follow his own mind because the play would fail as a tragedy. In conclusion, Hamlets soliloquys are significant because he, being the main character, has time to explore and share his deepest emotions, ultimately showing how the play is a tragedy, and ideas such as religion within Hamlets mind when making decisions such as whether to murder Claudius or not, and lastly his soliloquys show how he consults his heart and his mind, showing his self-discipline and power which in the end makes Hamlet a hero. Bibliography: * Hamlet William Shakespeare Heinemann Advanced Shakespeare, 1996 * Shakespearian Tragedy John Drakakis Longman Critical readers, 1992 * The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark William Shakespeare Penguin Books, 2002 * York notes on Hamlet Longman Critical Guides, 1980 * Schlegel www. wikipedia. com, Shakespeare and Tragedy * Sir Thomas Browne www. wikipedia. com, Ghosts and apparitions in literature.

Vladimir Nabokovs Lolita essays

Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita essays In Vladimir Nabokovs novel Lolita, the use of rhetorical language is prevalent. Nabokov writes a novel about a literate European man, Humbert, and his journey through life in search of nymphets. Humbert defines nymphets as maidens who, between the ages of nine and fourteen reveal their true nature which is nymphic and demoniac, and not human (Nabokov 16). When the novel was written and in this day and age, any man or women involved in affairs with young children are considered pedophiles. How does Nabokov rationalize the actions of Humbert who deliberately indulges himself in relationships with young girls? The use of such language allows Humbert to charm the audience into sympathetically justifying his actions throughout the novel. The language that is used in the novel is extremely sophisticated which instantly lets the reader know the literate and educated intelligence Humbert obtains. In the beginning he explains his childhood and where he received his education. During his early years Humbert meets Annabel, his first love. Humbert explains, Annabel was no nymphet to me; I was her equal, a faunlet in my own right, on that same enchanted island of time (Nabokov 18). It was his love for Annabel that left Humbert scarred after her tragic death. It leaves Humbert emotionally wounded and initiates his infatuation and love for nymphets. In the Introduction, Nabokov writes Humberts desires are those of a poet as well as a pervert, and not surprisingly, since they reflect, darkly, in a crooked enough mirror the artistic desires of his creator (Nabokov liii). Although he contains a grotesque like behavior, he expresses his love and appreciation for a delicate young girl-child. But let us be prim and civilized. Humb ert Humbert tried hard to be good. Really and truly he did. He had the utmost respect for ordinary children, with their purity and vulnerability, and under no circumstances would he hav...

Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy - Essay Example Among the concepts or theories are social exchange theory, operant conditioning, behavioral exchange theory and social learning theory. However, the central goal of Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy is to extinguish undesired behaviors while encourage positive behaviors that sustain healthy families. Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy has made significant contributions to the field of Family Therapy. One of the contributions relates to the concept of operant condition, where consequences govern and regulate behaviors. Families are systems made of structures and subsystems regulated by interrelationships. Different members have different behaviors and characters. Some of characters are bad and unwanted, and needs to be subject to control. Elaborate consequences for each negative behavior established by the highest authority in the family system are the main decelerators of the dysfunctional behaviors (Nichols, 2013). From that view, Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy provides therapist with idea that they should analyze effectiveness of consequences against particular negative behaviors. Another important contribution of Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy to the field of Family Therapy relates to introduction of Social Exchange Theory. According to Social Exchange Theory, human beings struggle to maximize rewards and reduce costs in relationships. Healthy families are those that mutually maximize rewards (Nichols, 2013). Unhealthy families on the other hand are those that members protect themselves from hurt to consider ways to please each other. This concept can help in efficient analysis and study of family systems and structure, and eventual identification of underlying problem to ease and shorten therapy process and time. Consideration of Behavioral Exchange Theory is another contribution of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to

Critically analyse the role of Perception in Consumer Behaviour Essay

Critically analyse the role of Perception in Consumer Behaviour - Essay Example This particular aspect can further be observed as a multidimensional concept which in itself is quite challenging to be defined and identified in the real life context being influenced by various other attributes such as cultural beliefs, social diversity and lifestyle needs (Desmond, 2003). The paper intends to discuss regarding the role of perception in consumer behaviour with particular focus on the UK based brands. Moreover, this paper also discusses regarding the exposure, attention, interpretation and sensation of consumers while making purchasing decisions towards different products and services. Perceptual Process In its simple meaning, perception can be associated with gathering of information through our senses i.e. through seeing, hearing and tasting among others. In other words, perception can be related with a process by which humans become familiar and aware of a particular event and interprets a stimulus. It can further be argued that not all the human beings are alike in all contexts. There are some dissimilarities persisting in the perceptions of humans that further distinguish an individual from another. Contextually, an individual’s perceptions regarding products and/or services can differ within a group in terms of features, prices, qualities and brand names among others. It has often been observed that among these large groups of individuals, different opinions can persist about a particular product and/or service which are offered by the marketers (Ziethaml, 1988). It has been further observed in this context that an individual frequently desires to obtain information regarding products and/or services through their five senses, i.e. smell, taste, touch or texture, sound and sight (Solomon, 2012). As these attributes are believed to be the fundamental aspects of defining customer perceptions, modern day marketers often tend to utilise these senses in order to identify the expectations of the potential customers and channelize their buying behaviour towards the determined goals (Arnould & et. al., 2005). It is in this context that contemporary organisations always attempt to ensure proper evaluation of consumers’ perceptions in order to effectively facilitate their target markets with appropriate offerings and deliver the products and/or services which are fit for the potential customers’ expectations (Creusen & Schoormans, 2005; Vigneron & Johnson, 1999). To be illustrated, Tesco PLC and British Airways are often characterised as two of the leading brands that have always considered and implemented various buying behaviour theories and concepts to recognise customers’ perceptions accurately, while introducing new products and services in its target markets. In terms of influencing consumer buying behaviour, British Airways implements unique promotional strategies which directly impacts upon attracting the potential consumers to adopt the company’s services in an efficient manner (Te sco PLC, 2013; British Airways, 2010). Sensory Stimuli According to Krishna (2011) â€Å"sensory marketing is an application of the understanding of sensation and perception to the field of marketing —

Relationship Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Relationship Analysis Paper - Essay Example My partner has that kind of nature in which, a person can cause damage itself without acknowledging the other or for the sake of others goodwill. My path crossed with my partner at college. We were classmate and members of the same group. Before development of our relationship, we became very good friends, then best friends, more intense than friends and eventually we realized the love conquering between us on daily basis. We’ve known each other since seven years. Somehow, we are still together but distant and lost due to some dilemmas & pushed duties intending to keep us apart. My partner has moved abroad 3 years ago, the contact between us has become very formal (hi, hello, how are you doing then a full stop to our conservation) from 5 months. We happen to talk twice/thrice in a month now. The status of our relationship is very serious & it has been very serious from the day we walked closer to each other. Living without one another can cause us both a nightmare, a life to b e lived without the heart & its beats. A stage where the partners thought themselves to last forever, but they fall apart with some regrets, disappointments & anger. Partners focus varies to each other’s flaws, & you struggle to change one back to the previous one you’ve lost. There are 2 ways: It is a stage where you decide to fix the relationship with your own or get the professional help. By fixing own your own, you accept each other’s differences, learn that pushing things won’t help, giving up your dreams while surrendering to life. My relationship best fit in this stage, as because the minimum amount of conversations & unclear matters has caused us both an emotional damage. It’s like, there’s a need of reset button to be pushed. The extent of disappointments is too high, which has put pause button to individual grief. We still choose to survive, driving with the understanding of sacrifice, compromise and providing

Information Security

Information Security Introduction The requirements of information security with in an organization have undergone major changes in the past and present times. In the earlier times physical means is used to provide security to data. With the advent of computers in every field, the need for software tools for protecting files and other information stored on the computer became important. The important tool designed to protect data and thwart illegal users is computer security. With the introduction and revolution in communications, one more change that affected security is the introduction of distributed systems which requires carrying of data between terminal user and among a set of computers. Network security measures are needed to protect data during their transmission. The mechanisms used to meet the requirements like authentication and confidentiality are observed to be quite complex. One must always consider potential counter measures while developing a particular mechanism. It is also important to identify implementations to adopt these mechanisms. Security mechanisms usually involve more than a particular algorithm or protocol. It means that participants be in possession of some secret information, which raises doubts about their creation, distribution and protection of that secret information. Thus a model has to be developed within which security services and mechanisms can be viewed. To identify the security needs of an organization at its effective level, the manager needs a systematic way. One approach is to consider three aspects of information security that is Security attack, Security mechanism and Security services. Security attack identifies different modes by which intruder tries to get unauthorized information and the services are intended to counter security attacks, and they make use of one or more security mechanisms to provide the service. As information systems become ever more active and important to the conduct of activities, electronic information takes on many of the roles earlier being done on papers. Few information integrity functions that the security mechanism has to support are security and confidentiality of the data to be transmitted and authentication of users. There is no single mechanism that will provide all the services specified. But we can see that one particular element that specifies most of the security mechanisms in use: cryptographic techniques. Encryption or encryption like transformations of information is the most common means of providing security. A model for much of what we will be discussing is captured in general terms. Encryption Model This general model shows that there are four basic tasks in designing a particular security service. Design an algorithm for performing encryption decryption process. Generate the secret information with the help of algorithm of step 1. Identify methods for the distribution and sharing of secret information. Identify rules to be used by both the participating parties that makes use of security algorithm and the secret information to achieve a particular security service. A crypto system is an algorithm, plus all possible plain texts, cipher texts and keys. There are two general types of key based algorithms: symmetric and public key. With most symmetric algorithms, the same key is used for both encryption and decryption. Symmetric-key encryption Execution of symmetric-key encryption can be highly useful, so that users do not experience any significant time delay because of the encryption and decryption. Symmetric-key encryption also provides a degree of authentication, since information encrypted with one symmetric key cannot be decrypted with any other symmetric key. Thus, as long as the symmetric key is kept secret by the two parties using it to encrypt communications, each party can be sure that it is communicating with the other as long as the decrypted messages specify a meaningful sense. Symmetric-key encryption will be successful only if the symmetric key is kept secured by the two parties involved. If anyone else discovers the key, it affects both confidentiality and authentication. The success of a symmetric algorithm rests in the key, divulging the key means that any one could encrypt and decrypt messages. As long as the communication needs to remain secure, the key must be protected between the participating parties. Encryption and decryption with a symmetric algorithm are denoted by E K (M) = C D K (M) = P Symmetric algorithms can be divided into two categories. Some operate on the plain text a single bit or byte at a time, these are called stream algorithms or stream ciphers. Others operate on group of bits or characters. Such algorithms are called block algorithms. Public algorithms are designed so that the key used for encryption is different from the key used for decryption. The algorithms are called public key because the encryption key be made public. It involves a pair of keysa public key and a private keyassociated with an entity that needs to authenticate its identity electronically or to sign or encrypt data. Further more the decryption key cannot be calculated from the encryption key. Each public key is published, and the corresponding private key is kept secret. Data encrypted with ones public key can be decrypted only with his private key. shows a simplified view of the way public-key encryption works. Public-key encryption Compared with symmetric-key encryption, public-key encryption requires more computation and is therefore not always appropriate for large amounts of data. However, its possible to use public-key encryption to send a symmetric key, which can then be used to encrypt additional data. This is the approach used by the SSL protocol. This provides Authentication, Integrity Confidentiality of Information at low computing power. Nevertheless, private-key encryption is useful, because it means you can use your private key to sign data with your digital signaturean important requirement for electronic commerce and other commercial applications of cryptography. Encryption and decryption can be represented in a public key scheme is E Kpu(M) = C D Kpr(C) = M Where Kpu is the public key and Kpr is the private key. In public key encryption there is always a possibility of some information being leaked out. A crypto analyst tries to get some information based on ones public key. Not a whole of information is to be gained here, but there are potential problems with allowing a crypto analyst to encrypt random messages with public key. Some information is leaked out every time to the crypto analyst, he encrypts a message. In probabilistic Encryption, multiple cipher texts are generated for one plain text, a cryptanalyst can not generate any information by chosen plain text and chosen cipher text attacks. Probabilistic encryption Security Analysis of algorithms: Different algorithms offers different degrees of security, it depends on how hard they are to break. If the cost required to break an algorithm is greater than the value of the encrypted data, then we are probably safe. If the time required to break an algorithm is longer than the time that the encrypted data must remain secret, then we are probably safe. If the amount of data encrypted with a single key is less than the amount of data necessary to break the algorithm, then we are probably safe. An algorithm is unconditionally secure if, no matter how much cipher text a crypto analyst has, there is not enough information to recover the plain text. In point of fact, only a one time pad is unbreakable in a cipher text only attack, simply by trying every possible key one by one and by checking whether the resulting plain text is meaningful. This is called a brute force attack. Cryptography is more concerned with crypto systems that are computationally infeasible to break. Any algorithm is considered computationally secure if it cannot be broken with available resources. The complexity of an attack can be measured as Data Complexity, the amount of data needed as input to the attack, Processing complexity, the time needed to perform the attack and storage requirements which are the amount of memory needed to do the attack which is space complexity. As a thumb rule, the complexity of an attack is taken to be minimum of these three factors. Another classification of complexities is by complexity of the algorithm by its construction and complexity of the algorithm by its strength. By its construction, the time complexity of the algorithm can be calculated by executing through the steps of the algorithm, which will be referred as O(n). Complexities can also be expressed as orders of magnitude. If the length of the key is k, then the processing complexity is given by 2k . It means that 2 k operations are required to break the algorithm. Then the complexity of the algorithm is said to be exponential in nature. A desirable property of any encryption algorithm is that a small change in plain text or the key should produce significant change in cipher text. Such an effect is known as avalanche effect. The more the avalanche affects of the algorithm, the better the security. Crypto analysis is the study of recovering the plain text with out access to the key. It may also find weakness in a crypto system that eventually leads to previous results. An attempted crypto analysis is called an attack. There are five types of attack. Each of them assumes that the crypto analyst has complete knowledge of the encryption algorithm used. Cipher text only attack: Here the crypto is in hold of cipher text only. The crypto analyst has cipher text of several messages, all of which have been encrypted using the same encryption algorithm. The crypto analysts job is to recover the plain text of as many messages as possible, or better yet to deduce the key used to encrypt the messages, in order to decrypt other messages encrypted with the same keys. Known Plaintext attack: The crypto analyst is in hold of not only to the cipher text of several messages, but also to the plain text of those messages. His job is to get the key used to encrypt the messages or an algorithm to decrypt any messages encrypted with the same key. Chosen Plaintext Attack (CPA): Here the crypto analyst is in hold of not only cipher text but also parts of chosen plain text. If the analyst is able to insert into the system a message chosen by the analyst, then such an attack is known as chosen plain text attack. Differential crypto analysis is an example of this mode. Chosen cipher text attack (CCA): Under the CCA model, an adversary has access to an encryption and a decryption machine and must perform the same task of distinguishing encryptions of two messages of its choice. First, the adversary is allowed to interact with the encryption and decryption services and choose the pair of messages. After it has chosen the messages, however, it only has access to an encryption machine. Chosen text: In this model, the analyst posses the encryption algorithm, Cipher text to be decoded, plain text message chosen by the crypto analyst and purported cipher text chosen by the crypto analyst. Present work: In this work an attempt has been made to generate a set of algorithms which provides security to data transmitted. The first algorithm considers a random matrix key which on execution by a series of steps generates a sequence. This sequence is used a sub key to build three different encryption models. Each model can be used for encryption of data. The second algorithm considers not only the key but also initialization vector and a time stamp to generate sub keys which are used for encryption process. And also a mechanism has been discussed which identifies any garbled key while transmitted from the Key Distribution Centre. In this work both the algorithms are discussed in terms of computational security, computational complexity and computational overhead. Both the algorithms are studied for their strengths and limitations. A crypto analytical study of the algorithms with emphasis on probabilistic encryption is also considered in this study. The encryption algorithms are compared with standard algorithms like RC4 and DES. The algorithms are also discussed in terms of its applications and also about their advantages and limitations in network security environment.

Edward James Hughes :: essays research papers fc

Edward James Hughes Edward James Hughes is one of the most outstanding living British poets. In 1984 he was awarded the title of the nation's Poet Laureate. He came into prominence in the late fifties and early sixties, having earned a reputation of a prolific, original and skilful poet, which he maintained to the present day. Ted Hughes was born in 1930 in Yorkshire into a family of a carpenter. After graduating from Grammar School he went up to Cambridge to study English, but later changed to Archaeology and Anthropology. At Cambridge he met Sylvia Plath, whom he married in 1956. His first collection of poems Hawk in the Rain was published in 1957. The same year he made his first records of reading of some Yeats's poems and one of his own for BBC Third Programme. Shortly afterwards, the couple went to live to America and stayed there until 1959. His next collection of poems Lupercal (1960) was followed by two books for children Meet My Folks (1961) and Earth Owl (1963). Selected Poems, with Thom Gunn (a poet whose work is frequently associated with Hughes's as marking a new turn in English verse), was published in 1962. Then Hughes stopped writing almost completely for nearly three years following Sylvia Plath's death in 1963 (the couple had separated earlier), but thereafter he published prolifically, often in collaboration with photographers and illustrators. The volumes of poetry that succeeded Selected Poems include Wodwo (1967), Crow (1970), Season Songs (1974), Gaudete (1977), Cave Birds (1978), Remains of Elmet (1979) and Moortown (1979). At first the recognition came from overseas, as his Hawk in the Rain (1957) was selected New York's Poetry Book Society's Autumn Choice and later the poet was awarded Nathaniel Hawthorn's Prize for Lupercal (1960). Soon he became well-known and admired in Britain. On 19 December 1984 Ted Hughes became Poet Laureate, in succession to the late John Betjeman. Hughes has written a great deal for the theatre, both for adults and for children. He has also published many essays on his favourite poets and edited selections from the work of Keith Douglas and Emily Dickinson (1968). Since 1965 he has been a co-editor of the magazine Modern Poetry in Translation in London. He is still an active critic and poet, his new poems appearing almost weekly (9:17) Judging from bibliography, Ted Hughes has received a lot of attention from scholars and literary critics both in the USA and Britain. However, most of these works are not available in Lithuania. Hence my overview of Hughes' criticism might not be full enough.

A Summary of Cyert & March’s Behavioural Theory of the Firm Essay

SUMMARY Cyert and March are concerned with the business firm and the way the business firm makes economic decisions. The authors make detailed observations of the processes and procedures by which firms make decisions, using these observations as a basis for a theory of decision making in business organizations. They argue that one way to understand modern organizational decision making is to supplement the microeconomic study of strategic factor markets with an examination of the internal operation of the business firm-to study the effects of organizational structure and conventional practices on the development of goals, the formation of expectations, and the implementation of choices. At the very outsetset, the authors make four major research commitments: To focus on the small number of key economic decisions made by the firm To develop process-oriented models of the firm To link models of the firm as closely as possible to empirical observations To develop a theory with generality beyond the specific firms studied Cyert and March develop an empirically relevant, process-oriented general theory of economic decision making by a business firm. They present the rudiments of a behavioral theory of the firm that have proven to be relevant both to economic theory and to the theory of complex organizations. The authors then go on to lay out the antecedents to the behavioral theory of the firm. They discuss the theory of the firm, organization theory and certain questions in a revised theory of firm decision making regarding: Organizational Objectives Decision strategies Decision making within strategies To build the behavioral theory of the firm, Cyert and March develop four major subtheories concerning the following: Organizational goals A theory of organizational goals considers how goals arise in an organization, how goals change over time, and how the organization attends to these goals. The organization is described as a coalition of stakeholders, with some of these stakeholders organized into subcoalitions. In a business organization the coalition members also include managers, workers, stockholders, suppliers, customers, lawyers, tax collectors, regulatory agencies, and so on. Clearly then, organizational goals must deal successfully with the potential for internal goal conflicts inherent in a coalition of diverse individuals and groups. Since the existence of unresolved conflicts among organizational stakeholders is a key feature of organizations, it is difficult to construct a useful descriptively accurate theory of the organizational decision-making process if we insist on internal goal consistency. Such a decision-making process need not necessarily produce consistent organizational goals. An important mechanism for dealing with stakeholder conflicts is the sequential attention to conflicting goals. A consequence of this mechanism is that organizations ignore many conditions that outside observers see as direct contradictions. Decentralization of decision making (and goal attention), the sequential attention to goals, and the adjustment in organizational slack that acts as a cushion in down times permit the business firm to make decisions with inconsistent goals under many (and perhaps most) conditions. Organizational expectations A theory of organizational expectations considers how and when an organization searches for information or new alternatives and how information is processed through the organization. Expectations are by no means independent of hopes, wishes, and the internal bargaining needs of subunits in the organization. Information about the consequences of specific courses of action in a business organization is frequently hard to obtain and of uncertain reliability. As a result, both conscious and unconscious biases in expectations are introduced. Thus, local priorities and perceptions obtain. In addition, there is some evidence of more conscious manipulation of expectations. Communication in a complex organization includes considerable biasing and influence activities-and considerable bias correction as well. In addition, organizations often protect themselves from the worst effects of influence activities by focusing on verified data in lieu of uncertain estimates and   using easily checked feedback information. Organizational choice A theory of organizational choice needs to characterize the process by which the alternatives available to the organization are ordered and selected. Organizational decisions depend on information estimates and expectations that ordinarily differ appreciably from reality. These organizational perceptions are influenced by some characteristics of the organization and its procedures. Second, organizations consider only a limited number of decision alternatives. Finally, organizations vary with respect to the amount of resources that such organizations devote to their organizational goals on the one hand and suborganizational and individual goals on the other hand. The firm is considered to be an adaptively rational system in which the firm learns from experience. General choice procedures are summarized in terms of three basic principles: Avoid uncertainty: The firm looks for procedures that minimize the need for  predicting uncertain future events. One method uses short-run feedback as a trigger to achieve action; another accepts (and enforces) standardized decision rules. Maintain the rules: Once the firm has determined a feasible set of decision procedures, the organization abandons them only under duress. Simplify the rules: The firm relies on individual judgment to provide flexibility around simple rules. Organizational control A theory of organizational control specifies the difference between executive choice in an organization and the decisions actually implemented. Organizational control within an organization depends on the elaboration of standard operating procedures. It is hard to see how a theory of the firm can ignore the effect of such organizational procedures on decision-making behavior within the organization. The effects fall into at least four major categories: effects on individual goals within the organization, effects on individual perceptions of the environment effects on the range of alternatives considered effects on the managerial decision rules used. Cyert and March’s basic theory of organizational control assumes the following: Multiple, changing, acceptable-level goals An approximate sequential consideration of alternatives Uncertainty avoidance Cyert and March propose two major organizing devices: a set of variable concepts and a set of relational concepts. The variable concepts discussed previously are organizational goals, organizational expectations, organizational choice, and organizational control. There are also four major relational concepts: Quasi-Resolution of Conflict In keeping with numerous theories of organizations, Cyert and March assume that the coalition in an organization is a coalition of members having different personal goals. Members require some procedure for resolving conflicts, such as acceptable-level decision rules, sequential attention to goals, or both. Uncertainty Avoidance The authors submit that organizations typically try to avoid uncertainty. First, organizations avoid the requirement that they correctly anticipate events in the distant future by using decision rules emphasizing short-run reactions to short-run feedback, rather than anticipation of long-run uncertain events. Second, organizations avoid the requirement that they anticipate future reactions of other parts of their environment by arranging a negotiated environment. Organizations impose plans, standard operating procedures, industry tradition, and uncertainty-absorbing contracts on that environment. Problemistic Search Cyert and March’s behavioral models assume that search, like decision making, is problem directed. Problemistic search means search that is stimulated by a problem (usually a rather specific one) and is directed toward finding a solution to that problem. Such organizational search is assumed to be motivated, simple-minded, and biased. This bias may reflect training or  experience of various parts of the organization. This bias may reflect the interaction of hopes and expectations, and communication biases are expected to reflect unresolved conflicts within the organization. Organizational learning To assume that organizations go through exactly the same processes as individuals go through seems unnecessarily naive, but organizations exhibit (as do other social institutions) adaptive behavior over time. Cyert and March focus on adaptation with respect to three different phases of the decision process: adaptation of goals, adaptation in attention rules, and adaptation in search rules. They submit that organizations change their goals, shift their attention, and revise their procedures for search as a function of their experience. REVIEW In this book the authors adopt a problem driven way of analysis. For example, when there are conflicts, the authors let the firm to set these conflicts as constraints and solve out a possible solution. In the modern context, this could make organizations weak. Organizations must be dynamic in anticipating problems and mitigating them or adapt to them and benefit accordingly. Cyert and March have shown how to construct behavioral models of firm-level decision making and indicate the basic theoretical framework within which such models are embedded. Cyert and March’s behavioral theory of the firm can be applied to price and output decisions, internal resource allocations, innovations, competitive dynamics, and predictions of other organizations’ behavior. However, an underlying assumption of rationality has been made. Behavioral theory must also study the possibility of non-rational decisions or unpredictable outcomes of rational decisions. Reference: Cyert, R. M., & March, J. G. (1992). A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. _Cambridge, Mass_.

Let There Be Light Lamp Shade Company

According to Murphy & Wood (2011), Let There Be Light Lamp Shade Company serves an upscale local market and is currently placing a bid for several public buildings in Asia. Total of 5,400 identical lights will be installed and delivered to the foreign port where the buyer would take possession. Let There Be Light Lamp Shade Company has three styles of lamp shades. In order to determine the best possible bid, the company will determine how many lamp shades can fit in the intermodal container and the total cost of delivering for style A, B, and C lamp shades. The interior dimensions of the intermodal container are 8 feet wide by 8. 5 feet high by 40 feet long and can hold up to 44,000 pounds per loaded container (Murphy & Wood, 2011). The intermodal container could hold 2,560 style A lamp shades because it holds 2,720 cubic feet, however, the top six inches cannot be used. The style B shades can be stacked two packages high with the square foot on the bottom. Each column could hold 12 shades and there can be a total of 320 (8 x 40) columns of 12. In terms of style B, the intermodal container could hold 3,840 lamp shades without exceeding the weight. Style C shades can be stacked the same ways as style B and a container could hold 320 columns of 20, totaling 6,400 lamp shades. However, this would exceed the 44,000 pound weight limit. To stay under the weight limit, the number of lamp shades the container could hold is 4,356 lamp shades (10. 1 the weight of one lamp shade divided by 44,000). The total cost of delivering of each style of lamp shades can be calculated by adding the cost of the lamp shade being manufactured, packaged, shipped, insurance, and ocean freight rates. For style A lamp shade, the cost of 5,400 lamp shades to be manufactured is $21,600 ($4 x 5,400). Packaging style A lamp shades is $0. 60 per lamp shade for a total of $3,240. The lamp shades will need to be shipped to the Port of Oakland, which will cost $3,000 ($1,000 per load). The cost of insurance for shipping style A lamp shades is $556. 80 because the total cost of the company at this point is $27,840 times 2% of the value of the shipment. The cost of ocean freight rates is $2,970. Adding the figures together brings the total costs of delivering for style A shades to the port of importation to $31,366. 80. Style B lamp shades cost $5 per lamp shade for a total cost of $27,000. The packaging of the style B lamp shade is $1,800 ($2 x 900). It will take two loads to the Port of Oakland for a total of $2,000. Insurance for style B lamp shade will cost $616 because the total cost thus far is $30,800 time 2% of the value of the shipment. The ocean freight rate cost is $1,960; for a total cost of delivering of $33,376. For style C lamp shades, the cost per shade for manufacturing is $6 for a total of $32,400 and the total packaging cost is $1,620. Again, two loads will be needed to deliver to the Port of Oakland for a total of $2,000. The insurance for style C lamps shades is $720 ($36,020 x . 02). The ocean freight rate cost is $1,238. The total cost of deliver the style C shades to the port of importation is $37,978. Thus, style A lamp shades would be preferred because it the least expensive out of all three styles. In conclusion, Let There Be Light Lamp Shade Company will be placing a bid for large public buildings in Asia. After analyzing how many lamps shades can be loaded into the intermodal container and the total cost of delivering, the company will be placing a bid with style A lamp shades. References Murphy, P. R. , & Wood, D. F. (2011). Contemporary Logistics. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.

To Curry Favor

To Curry Favor To Curry Favor To Curry Favor By Maeve Maddox A reader asks, Does the expression Curry Favour have anything to do with curry? Short answer: â€Å"No.† But the long answer is pretty cool. The gastronomical word curry derives from a Tamil word for sauce, whereas, the curry in the expression â€Å"to curry favour/favor† is a verb meaning â€Å"to comb a horse.† curry (noun): A preparation of meat, fish, fruit, or vegetables, cooked with a quantity of bruised spices and turmeric, and used as a relish or flavoring, especially for dishes composed of or served with rice. Hence, a curry = a dish or stew (of rice, meat, etc.) flavored with this preparation (or with curry-powder). curry (verb): to rub down a horse with a comb. The word favor in â€Å"to curry favor† is the product of folk etymology. The original expression was â€Å"to curry Favel,† in which Favel is the name of a fictional horse. Satirical allegories featuring anthropomorphized animals were popular in the Middle Ages. The name Favel came into English from the French tale Le Roman de Fauvel, in which a horse named Fauvel parodied the hypocritical behavior of the courtiers and ecclesiastical lords of the French royal court. The horse’s name derives from his color: he’s a â€Å"fallow horse.† As an adjective, fallow refers to a pale brownish or reddish yellow color. It’s probably cognate with Latin pallere, â€Å"to be pale.† Both English and German had an idiom that may have preceded the French tale: â€Å"to ride the fallow horse.† The expression meant, â€Å"to practice duplicity.† One academic theory as to why riding a fallow horse was associated with hypocrisy is that the expression may have originated with â€Å"the pale horse† in the Apocalypse (Book of Revelation). The rider of the pale horse, â€Å"one whose name is Death,† was thought by some commentators to represent the duplicitous Antichrist. When the word Favel became meaningless to English speakers, they substituted it with the familiar word favor. In sum, to curry chicken is to cook it with curry. To curry favor is to seek to gain an advantage by means of flattery and hypocrisy. Here are some recent examples of the use of curry in the nonfood sense: Leadership PACs generally attempt to curry favor with other lawmakers, hoping to win support for legislation or other political aspirations. If we change [the law], Mr. Lynn said, were going to see politicians running around seeking support of churches and hoping that they can curry favor with those churches by promising them money and favors. Not only did he flout those laws in order to curry favor with a prospective employer, but he also illegally disclosed the identity of a whistleblower, as the Complaint alleges. The lobbying campaign, reconstructed by  Newsweek  and The Daily Beast through interviews and documents, speaks volumes about the efforts of big business to curry favor, even among perceived enemies.   Curry may also be followed by approval and good will: Jorge is explaining to his men that Nikita Khrushchev has permitted a few chosen writers to travel abroad,  hoping to curry approval  from the worlds cultural elite. Kuwait used its resources to  curry good will  among Arab countries, especially Egypt. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Punctuating â€Å"So† at the Beginning of a SentenceAcronym vs. Initialism50 Plain-Language Substitutions for Wordy Phrases

Stem cell research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stem cell - Research Paper Example â€Å"Mouse embryonic stem cells treated in culture with a growth factor and then injected into the liver reverse a form of hemophilia in mice analogous to hemophilia B in humans, the new study shows.† (Stem Cells Treated with Growth Factor) Stem Cell Research- a clash of Science vs. Ethics, could well be a debate that might go on for generations as every individual has a different opinion about the subject. Should we allow doctors to play God and reverse our own destiny? Should we strive to provide cures that reverse the processes of injury and death? Or do we hold strong on our religious and moral aspects? These are the sorts of questions that have sparked the massive debate we have today. The purpose of our study, though, is not to argue about one particular stand point but to discuss both the view points and finally to allow readers to draw their own opinions and conclusions. In addition the process has been facilitated by providing an integrative review that details previ ous research, theories, explanations and answers and then counteracting them with questions and objections so that at the end of our research readers can make their own rationalistic conclusion. The Beginnings of Stem Cell Research Stem Cells, as defined by The National Institute of Health, are cells that have the ability to develop into different cell types within the body. Two facets make them incredibly important: Firstly, they can renew themselves during cell division and secondly, when grown under certain conditions, they can achieve specialized functions. These cells differentiate and form almost all the tissues of the body- skin, lung, brain, heart and muscle tissues among others. Stem cells can also be divided into two types: Embryonic stem cells and Adult stem cells which differ in both function and characteristics. According to the UK Stem Cell Foundation, stem cell work was first conducted in the early 1900’s with the discovery that white blood cells, red blood cel ls and platelets all arose from the same source. However, it was not until 1963 when Ernest A McCulloch and James E Till noted â€Å"the self-renewing activities of transplanted mouse bone-marrow cells† that confirmed such theories. Adult stem cells now play an integral role in chemo and radiation therapy as well as in other fields of biotechnology as they are grown and replicated in the lab. The discovery by James Thomson and his researchers from Madison University really helped to put Stem Cell Research on the map (Boyle, A., 2005). In 1998, for the first time ever, he isolated human embryonic stem cells from fertility clinics and then harvested them in the lab. This attempt along with the cloning of Dolly, the Sheep, two years earlier, caused a major ripple within the community. The Pros and Cons of Stem Cell Research Pros Stem cell research has paved the way for scientists to decipher â€Å"how we are made or formed and try to reverse problems† (Richard Hamilton, n .d). It has been described as having â€Å"limitless potential† (McLaughlin, 2009) by many as it can aid in finding cures for diseases such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, Stroke, Heart Disease, Multiple Sclerosis and Diabetes, and hundreds of rare systemic immune disorders (Drlica,1997, p279) 1998). . There have been a number of researchers confirming the clinical application of stem cells. Stojanoski et al (2009), stated that stem cells taken from the peripheral

E-procurement and diffusion of innovation theory and Rogerss model Thesis

E-procurement and diffusion of innovation theory and Rogerss model - Thesis Example This research will begin with the statement that procurement is one of the most crucial aspects of any organization. In general term, it is defined as the process of purchasing goods and materials at a proper time at the best affordable price. E-procurement involves using the internet and other web-based technologies as a tool for procurement. The success of this technique in the private sector has also aroused considerable interests among the public sector organizations with regards to adopting and implementing e-Procurement in their business process. In a typical e-Procurement process, an organization purchases goods and materials from suppliers by using the internet as a medium. E-procurement processes are characterized by the presence of e-marketplaces which is a platform that brings suppliers and buyers together. E-marketplaces also have the option of a reverse auction where competitive bidding can be undertaken for procuring a particular material. The process of e-Procurement i nvolves the following steps namely: Review of various suppliers Compiling documents related to ‘Request for Quotations’ Â  Sending out ‘Request for Quotations’ Revisions and resending related to ‘Request for Quotations’ Receiving proposals of RFQ’s Compiling and evaluating response Review of bids Narrowing down on the list of bidders Negotiations Selecting the winning bid.

Behavior, Needs, and Motivations in a Hotel Environment Essay

Behavior, Needs, and Motivations in a Hotel Environment - Essay Example One of the recent trends in travel is in offering ‘green’ accommodations in which the lowest impact possible on the environment is applied to the experience. The following report has identified this potential trend and explores the ways in which the Radisson Edwardian Hotel in Manchester has met the needs of those interested in the topic of ’green’ travel and what ways in which it can further exploit this trend. 2. Process of Market Research in the Hospitality Industry Marketing research in the hospitality industry can be conducted through a five step process: define the problem and research objectives; develop the research plan; collect the information; analyze the information; and present the findings (Sudhir 2009, p. 41). Because the topic of this report is on sustainable and ‘green’ industry trends, the concept of responsible marketing will be taken into consideration as it is addressed by Sloan, Chen and Legrand (2006, p. 92) who state tha t there has been a shift away from the traditional methods of research towards a belief in the way in which marketing is produced should take a stakeholder point of view. The nature of the research should be to follow a concept from inception to application in order to assure it has produced an ethically viable result. Andrews (2009, p. 41) states that there are three criteria that should be examined in order to justify creating a marketing research program. The research should be focused on one or a combination of concepts that either define an exploratory topic that sheds light on an issue, a descriptive result which will shed light on a phenomenon, or a casual inquiry that explores a ’hunch’ that might be a benefit in the industry. The research that is used for researching the impact of ’green’ practices on the satisfaction of a guest at a hotel is through a descriptive model in order to describe the phenomenon of the trend and its impact on travel sta ys at a hotel. 3. Secondary Research Jenner and Smith (2008, p. 5) define green travel, in what is termed as a simple form, through stating that it involves traveling in such a manner as to do the least amount of harm to the environment. Travel, by its nature of using energy to get from one place to another, most often has a high impact on the environment. The idea is to minimize that impact as much as possible. According to Ching (2010), one of the best ways to create a green travel plan is to participate in a eco-friendly experience, engaging the out of doors with environmentally sustaining practices. However, it is not always possible to plan a vacation or business trip with camping as the mode of accommodations. The hotel industry has engaged the concept of green practices in order to present themselves as being environmentally friendly. As exampled in Table 1, which is table 6.4 from Yudelson (2008, p. 117), there are a series of ways in which green practices will benefit a hot el from a business point of view. As an example, in the United States, the Hilton Hotel in Vancouver, Washington received certification at the silver level for a modest investment in each room which provided ten times that in publicity returns (Yudelson 2008, p. 117). Seemingly small activities can provide a large benefit towards both green accreditation and towards

The film of Step Mom by Gigi Levangie Essay Example for Free

The film of Step Mom by Gigi Levangie Essay A Comparison between my improvisation of Generation gap by us and the film of Step Mom by Gigi Levangie The two pieces of improvisation are good for a comparison because our improvisation is about two single parents one who lives with their mother moving in and how the children react to each other. Step mom is however slightly different as it is about parents who have just got divorced and are introducing the fathers new girlfriend in to the childrens lifes too. So our play is about the reaction towards the children and the film is about the reaction between the step mom. It is also very good from comparison as the family with the Grandmother in Generation gap previous relationship ended by death and in Step mom it ends with a death by the mother of the children dying from cancer. They are similar, as they are both sets in present day and shows how people react when introducing new members in to their lives. They may react snappy or just miserable around them and whether it is possible for them to change their feelings as in step mom the girl Anna was snappy and miserable at different times but by the end of the play she was able to accept the step mom. In our improvisation the teenager had similar symptoms but in each others presence they just argued and the younger boy would just wind the older sister but was upset as the sister was able to be mean to. So in this play the relations seem to worsen between the characters and it even affected the way the parents felt towards each other to some aspects as there children are more important to them and are likely to take their childs side and end up arguing. This also happened in the movie, as the mother would get annoyed when the step mom arrived late or did things wrong as she hasnt as much experience as her in being a mother. They both showed signs that the children meant more to them as they stick up for their child always and end up in argument in our play In Step Mom The father talks to the children and says relationships can change. The way he acts around his girlfriend suggests that it would be hard to make a choice as he loves both his girlfriend and children but you see that he would probably put his children first but this isnt certain. But they could be equal you dont know whether he means this or whether hes mocking the child in saying its impossible to stop loving your child. This is similar in both plays showing children is most important in keeping familys together.

Capacity Of Minors In Contracts

Capacity Of Minors In Contracts A contract involves s a promise between two persons for the exchange of either good or services. A contract signifies the free consent of the parties to the contract to be bound by law. For a contract to be valid, it must have these basic elements: mutual assent, consideration, capacity, and legality. Mutual assent is characterized by offer and acceptance through mutual accent; consideration, on the other hand denotes any form of compensation with something of value for the goods or services traded. A contract between persons, either natural persons or legal persons, who have no capacity to contract can either be voidable or void depending on the case. Legality gives the condition that should be satisfied for a contract to be excised by the law. Illegal contracts are for example those involving illegal activities. For example one cant bring a plea of damages to a court of law for breach of a contract entered into to kill another person. The possible remedies for breach of contract are; consequential damages, general damages, , and specific performance. This paper will examine the capacity to contract as pertains to contracts entered by minors minors. Keywords: capacity, contract, capacity, legality, consideration, mutual accent void/voidable. Capacity of Minors in Contracts Capacity to contract relates to both natural and artificial persons. Although the general case is that an adult of sound mind will have full capacity to contract, they may claim that the contract is not enforceable due to such reasons as undue influence, or mental incapacity at the time of entering into the contract. Contractual capacity also does apply to corporate. The age of a minor may vary from country to country but the most states put the age at 18 years. The genera rule that bound contracts entered with minors are that they are not legally liable for any contract which they enter into whether willingly or not (Koffman Macdonald, 2007 p. 476). This does not however remove the burden of performing the contract for the other person to the contract. If the breach the contract, they are liable to the minor for damages. If however the minor when they attain the age of minority choose to ratify the contract, they are legally bound from the date of ratification. If the minor upon reaching the age of majority chooses to end the contract, he relieves himself of any liabilities that the contract placed on him. There are however some contracts which when the minor enters into, he is bound by. These include the contracts for supply of necessaries, employment or beneficial contracts and those for analogous supplies. There is another category of contracts which are voidable at the option of the minor but are binding on him upon reaching the age of majority and does not repudiate them within a reasonable time after that (Koffman Macdonald, 2007). Among the contracts that form the major part of exception for the general rule of lack of capacity of minors is the contract that relate to provision of necessity. The law require that the other part to the contract to prove that the contract that they entered into with the minor is for necessity (Nash v Inman 1908). Necessities include both goods and services. In chapel v cooper (1844) it was held that a contract entered by a minor to bury his father was a contract of necessity. The case will decide whether the contract is for necessity subjectively and this will even depends on the social status and age of the minor. Generally, the things regarded as necessary are those which a person cant live without such as food but articles for luxury are mostly disallowed irrespective of the class of the infant contractor (Chapler v Cooper per Alderson ). The sale of goods act however defines goods of necessity as those goods sustainable to the condition of life of the minor (peter v Fleming ( 1840)) (Contracts, 2010). In this case a breast pin and a watch chain were considered as necessities. A person cannot rely on the fact that the terms to the contract are harsh or onerous to remove the contract from the generally beneficial category. This was seen in Barnes V. Smethurst where it was the court held that the existence of such terms may make the unenforceable against the minor (Anson Huffcut, 1899). This exception is based on the foundations of the minors obligation to make fair payments for the goods that they received irrespective of the satisfaction that they get from the goods. This removes the minors liability incase the contract is a purely executory one (Nash v Inman (1908)). The second exemption to the general rule relates to employment and analogous contracts. This is based on the value that prevents a minor from seeking skills that will enable them to earn a living. This is the reason why employment and analogous contracts are enforceable on the minor provided that the contract as a whole is beneficial to the minor (Koffman Macdonald, 2007 p. 469). In Clement v London and north western railway co. (1894), the courts held that the contract as a whole was beneficial to the client and prevented him from claiming under the 1880 act since the insurance contract covered him from even those injuries that were not due to the negligence of the employer. It was therefore ruled that on the overall, the contract was to the advantage of the minor. There are some contracts that are considered a beneficial to the minor. These include contracts for services such as those of education, training, apprenticeship. If these contracts contain clauses that are not overly beneficial to the minor, the minors liability to in the contract will be waived such as in De Francesco v Barnum (1889). Although the law gives a minor protection from contractual obligation on them, they are liable under tort and also if they are emancipated. Minors are liable, in tort, provided that the tortuous activity is not one that will not amount to enforcement of a contract. In R. Leslie ltd V Shiell (1914), the court held that the plaintiff could not recover the amount in loan from the minor who had misrepresented his age since the courts would have been enforcing a contract that is not otherwise binding on the minor. This is also the case where a minor guarantees a loan (Koffman Macdonald, 2007). The law also seeks to provide protection to these who deal with minors. If a minor escapes a contract for example for rent, they can be sued for rent that has accrued during their stay in the house but not that part which is not yet due. To protect the suppliers, the law will prevent the minor from claiming the money that they have already paid whether or not the contract was for the supply of necessities (Abbott, Pendlebury, Wardman, 2007). Equity will not allow the minors to seek specific performance against the other party to the contract since equity will not allow for specific performance against minors. This statute and that of subrogation see to protect the other party to a contract with the minor while at the same time seeking to uphold the interests o f the minor (Abbott, Pendlebury, Wardman, 2007 p. 115). Emancipation on the other hand gives the minor some adult rights. Emancipation refers to freeing someone from the control of another. A minor is emancipated from the parents upon getting legally married, when they reach 18 or when in active duty with the armed forces of the United States (Emancipation of Minors). When one is emancipated, their parents no longer have control over their affairs and are also not legally bound to pay for damages the minor causes to others properties. This means that they will be liable for the breach of contract that they enter into regardless of whether they are of necessity or not. The laws reacting to capacity to contract can vary from state to state to state as well as from country to country. In the US, the major variation on the minors capacity to contract is o the age of minority which varies from state to state. However, most states put the age at 18 but this ac vary to up to 21 years in other states. Another law tat varies from individual state is that relating to disaffirmance of voidable contracts. Some states will allow disaffirmance for tort violations while others dont if the consideration cannot be returned. Different countries have different laws regarding minors capacity in a contract and especially as regards to age of minority. Most countries have the ages of a minor fixed at 18. These include countries like New Zealand, Canada and Australia while others disregard the age especially where the minor engages is serious crimes and he is tried like an adult. In the US, the age is 18 but different states will vary the age based on their cultural diversity (Contracts, 2010). The US laws allow the minors to consent on matters affecting them such as on use of contraceptives, abortion and treatment for alcohol and drug abuse. They are also allowed to seek expert help from doctors on such matters as reproductive health and other confidential services that they would rather not do with their parents. They can therefore enter into legally binding contract to get those services. The issue of incapacity applies due to the need to protect the person who is incapacitated (or in the case of companies, the shareholders) but at the same time not treat so harshly the other party to the contract. This is always the case because the incapacitated person may not comprehend the effects that the contact as pertains to the on the rights of the other person to the contract. The laws of capacity of a minor because they help to form legal boundaries that ensure that minors are not exploited. This is especially in regard to minors whose parents have left them vast estates. In such cases, since the minor will not always act in a way that is of best interest to the estates that they inherit, expert trustees are put in charge of taking care of the estate until the person reaches the age of majority when they can make independent and well informed choices. Standardization of the legal age and the rules that govern contracts with minors is important to those who deal with them since although the contract with a minor creates legal liability to the other party to the contract and not the minor, standardized definition of the minor is helpful to avoid losses that accrue due to contracts with incapacitated persons Conclusion The law of contract is especially important since most of the transactions that we carry out on a day to day basis involve contracts. As such it is important to lay guidelines as to when a contract is valid and can be exercised by law and when its void. Contracts with minors on the other hand present special challenges since minors may not always act in their best interests. The laws of different states have well laid down laws that are the basis for dealing with cases that involves minor contracts. Most of these laws are based on UK common law and the law of equity. Equity will seek to protect the other party to the contract from the actions of the minor to ensure that they dont suffer unduly when they deal with the minor. The two important statutes of equity are those based on subrogation and specific performance.